| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Demoralization (military) ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Demoralization (warfare)
Demoralization is, in a context of warfare, national security and law enforcement, a process in psychological warfare with the objective to erode morale among enemy combatants and/or non-combatants, to encourage them to retreat, surrender or defect, rather than defeating them in combat.
Demoralization methods on the tactical scale include hit-and-run attacks such as snipers, disturbing the enemy with less-lethal weapons and incapacitating agents, and intimidation such as display of force concentration. Some methods on the strategic scale are commerce raiding, strategic bombing, static operations such as sieges and naval blockades, and propaganda.
==Importance of morale==
Morale is often perceived as a necessary precursor to success in international relations because success most often goes to those who believe in their cause, as they more easily maintain a positive outlook that contributes to their ability to work harder for the cause.〔Angelo Codevilla and Paul Seabury, War: Ends and Means (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2006), pg. 88.〕 High morale can directly contribute to “an economy of food, textiles, fuel, and other commodities, and to stimulate recruiting, employment in war industries, service in relief work, and the purchase of bonds.”〔Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in World War I (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1971), pg. 9.〕 Writing in 1965, French philosopher and sociologist Jacques Ellul described the importance of morale in modern society by saying:
Though variations are possible, the most common indicators of high morale are determination, enthusiasm, self-confidence, and a relative absence of criticism or complaint.〔Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in World War I (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1971), pg. 8.〕 While contributors to the level of morale are essentially endless, common examples consist of the level to which: individuals identify with a nation or cause; have their basic needs of food, clothing, shelter met; have confidence in the justness of their cause; have confidence in the ability of their cause to overcome obstacles; the means through which authorities instill discipline; and a sense of unity with other supporters of the cause.〔Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in World War I (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1971), pg. 8.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Demoralization (warfare)」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|